The computer crimes can broadly be grouped into three types. This includes the use of computer either as a subject, object or instrument to commit the crime. Use of computer viruses to commit crime comes under the category in which the computer forms the subject for the computer crime.
Most common way of committing the computer crime is using the computer as an instrument for crime. Crimes such as child pornography, online harassment and cyberstalking come under this category of computer crimes.
The different types of crimes under above mentioned categories are phishing, hacking, designing computer viruses, identity theft, cyber stalking and misusing the computer time. Let's discuss them one by one.
Phishing
This is the type of computer crime in which the data related to the personal information is stolen. This is done by tempting the users to submit their personal data on the illegal sites designed for this purpose which appear similar to some popular sites. This is also committed through e-mails. The user is tempted to enter the personal information such as credit card number, password and bank account details.
Identity theft
It can be financial identity theft or identity cloning. This is the most serious crime where the financial information of the user is stolen and is used by the fraud to steal the money from the account of the user. In identity cloning the fraud steals the personal details of the user and uses the details as false user. In commercial identity theft, the thief uses the credit card information of the user to commit frauds and crimes.
Viruses
These are the one which slow down the computer operations and processing. The computer viruses are the computer programs that are designed to harm the computer and destroy the information on the system. They spread through the network or different removable disks, drives and CDs.
Hacking
In this a person gains an unauthorized access into another system by breaking the security barriers. The criminal finds out the information about the password and gain an access into the private information and communication of the user.
Cyberstalking
In this type of crime the criminal uses the internet and other computer based communication ways to threaten or post obscene mails or damage data of the user. Such crime is usually committed through discussion forums, chat rooms or similar places of common meeting on the internet.
Misusing the computer time is also a type of computer crime commonly committed everywhere in the organizations and offices. The employee on the company time and money commit this crime by checking personal mails, playing games without the authorization of the company officials.
Sunday, December 14, 2008
Thursday, December 11, 2008
What Is ISO OSI Model
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. The OSI standards were laid down by the International Organization for Standardization in 1984. The OSI model gives seven different layers through which the data must travel when it is transferred from one computer to another in a network.
These seven layers can be distinguished into two groups:
This layer provides network service to the end users by directly interacting with the operating system or the application software. This layer interacts when you perform any activity on the network like-mail, request websites and transfer files.
Presentation layer
The data from the application layer moves to the presentation layer so that it can be into the standard format in which it can be presented to other layers so that they understand it and process it further. This is the sixth layer. The encryption and decryption of data takes place in this layer.
Session layer
This is the fifth layer. This layer controls the link between the users. The layer establishes and ends the communication between receiving and sending devices in the network.
Transport layer
This is the fourth layer in the model. Transmission control protocol and user datagram protocol are there in this layer. Transmission control protocol establishes the link between two devices in the network.
This protocol also keeps a track of the packets that need to be resend and delivered. This layer checks the errors in transmission. It also integrates the data from different application. This layer thus ensures transparent transfer of data to the upper layers.
Network layer
This layer decides how the data will be sent to the other computer in the network. Routing of the data packets to particular IP address, take place in this layer. This is the third layer in the model. Internet protocol is a network layer
Data layer
This is the second layer. The packets are sequenced in this layer. The data is divided or broken down into small size of certain bytes. These small sized data are called as the packets. All the information that you exchange with your friends or the web pages that you request move in packets till they are delivered to the recipient. These packets have a head, payload and footer.
The header contains the information about the length, synchronization, number, recipient address and the origination address of the packet. The payload contains the main information that is to be delivered to the destination address. The footer contains the bits that check the errors in delivery.
Physical layer
This is the first layer in the OSI model. This layer defines the physical characteristics of the network defining the mechanical characteristics and voltage levels of the network.
Different protocol stacks are formed by combining the different OSI layers into one layer. This model is considered as the standard model for network communication.
These seven layers can be distinguished into two groups:
- Transport set and
- Application set
This layer provides network service to the end users by directly interacting with the operating system or the application software. This layer interacts when you perform any activity on the network like-mail, request websites and transfer files.
Presentation layer
The data from the application layer moves to the presentation layer so that it can be into the standard format in which it can be presented to other layers so that they understand it and process it further. This is the sixth layer. The encryption and decryption of data takes place in this layer.
Session layer
This is the fifth layer. This layer controls the link between the users. The layer establishes and ends the communication between receiving and sending devices in the network.
Transport layer
This is the fourth layer in the model. Transmission control protocol and user datagram protocol are there in this layer. Transmission control protocol establishes the link between two devices in the network.
This protocol also keeps a track of the packets that need to be resend and delivered. This layer checks the errors in transmission. It also integrates the data from different application. This layer thus ensures transparent transfer of data to the upper layers.
Network layer
This layer decides how the data will be sent to the other computer in the network. Routing of the data packets to particular IP address, take place in this layer. This is the third layer in the model. Internet protocol is a network layer
Data layer
This is the second layer. The packets are sequenced in this layer. The data is divided or broken down into small size of certain bytes. These small sized data are called as the packets. All the information that you exchange with your friends or the web pages that you request move in packets till they are delivered to the recipient. These packets have a head, payload and footer.
The header contains the information about the length, synchronization, number, recipient address and the origination address of the packet. The payload contains the main information that is to be delivered to the destination address. The footer contains the bits that check the errors in delivery.
Physical layer
This is the first layer in the OSI model. This layer defines the physical characteristics of the network defining the mechanical characteristics and voltage levels of the network.
Different protocol stacks are formed by combining the different OSI layers into one layer. This model is considered as the standard model for network communication.
Tuesday, December 9, 2008
The Drawbacks of Podcasting
Podcasting is the process by which you can share the multimedia files with your friends over the internet. These files can be viewed on the portable media devices or on the personal computers. Podcasting thus combines broadcasting and iPod. You can broadcast your audio and video formats on the internet. Your friends can download these files on their portable MP3 or iPod and view them.
You can auto syndicate the music videos or audios on the internet and these music videos and audios can be played on the iPod. For podcasting you don't need to have an iPod. You can choose your own content and create your own syndicated videos or audio programs.
For this you prepare your own audio files in MP3 or WMA format. You then publish them which can be received as the RSS format by the subscribers. These files can be downloaded by the iPod users, cell phone users. All that you need for podcasting is laptop; a microphone, headsets, portable recorder and software that facilitate podcasting.
It first came into existence in 2000. Since then it is getting popular day by day. Podcasting provide many advantages to the users. By way of podcasts the users can share their views and information with others. They can now use their faces and voice to convey and share all the information they want with others.
But every technology has a darker side. This is true for podcasting as well. The process seems simple and innovative way that supports creativity and sharing of ideas. But as you create your own files you ignore the size. Some podcast files can be very large with most of them exceeding 75MB size. Thus the main problem is the bandwidth. Each time you download the file, it uses the bandwidth.
Now the web host has certain limits for the bandwidth. You can use only a certain limit of the bandwidth. Once your website reaches the limit your site will be shut down for the definite term. Or, the other way round is that you pay for those GB that you use.
The only way out is, find out how serious you are with your podcast. If you are serious enough then reach out the podcasting service that you can afford. Find out the bandwidth you have for the month and the extra charges that the service provider will charge you once you cross the limits.
If you are really serious and want people to listen to your podcast then save some money so that you can pay for those extra gigabytes that you use in a month.
You can auto syndicate the music videos or audios on the internet and these music videos and audios can be played on the iPod. For podcasting you don't need to have an iPod. You can choose your own content and create your own syndicated videos or audio programs.
For this you prepare your own audio files in MP3 or WMA format. You then publish them which can be received as the RSS format by the subscribers. These files can be downloaded by the iPod users, cell phone users. All that you need for podcasting is laptop; a microphone, headsets, portable recorder and software that facilitate podcasting.
It first came into existence in 2000. Since then it is getting popular day by day. Podcasting provide many advantages to the users. By way of podcasts the users can share their views and information with others. They can now use their faces and voice to convey and share all the information they want with others.
But every technology has a darker side. This is true for podcasting as well. The process seems simple and innovative way that supports creativity and sharing of ideas. But as you create your own files you ignore the size. Some podcast files can be very large with most of them exceeding 75MB size. Thus the main problem is the bandwidth. Each time you download the file, it uses the bandwidth.
Now the web host has certain limits for the bandwidth. You can use only a certain limit of the bandwidth. Once your website reaches the limit your site will be shut down for the definite term. Or, the other way round is that you pay for those GB that you use.
The only way out is, find out how serious you are with your podcast. If you are serious enough then reach out the podcasting service that you can afford. Find out the bandwidth you have for the month and the extra charges that the service provider will charge you once you cross the limits.
If you are really serious and want people to listen to your podcast then save some money so that you can pay for those extra gigabytes that you use in a month.
Sunday, December 7, 2008
About The Phonograph
Phonograph was the first device that was used to play the recorded sound. The phonograph ruled the decades before the radio and motion picture came into existence.
Leon Scott de Martinville was the first to design the sound recording device. This was in 1855 when the first recording device came into existence. Scott got the device patented in 1857. The device was called as the phonautograph and was used as a laboratory instrument to analyze the sound. This instrument gave a foundation for the playback devices.
Edison came up with the concept of sound recording and reproduction in 1877. Another French scientist Charles Cros worked on the concept independently but was unable to come up with the working model of the machine. Thomas Edison demonstrated the model on November 29 1877 and patented the machine. It was the tinfoil phonograph.
The phonograph was an assembly of a large mouthpiece, a cylindrical drum, a diaphragm and a stylus. This tinfoil phonograph was made of a cylindrical drum which was wrapped in the tinfoil. This cylinder was then mounted on the threaded axle. The mouthpiece was attached to the diaphragm which was connected to the stylus.
As the stylus moved on the rotating foil, a vibration pattern was etched on the surface. To playback the recorded voice, the mouthpiece was replaced by the reproducer.
The era from late 1870s to early 1880s was full of discoveries in this field. In 1886 graphophone was patented by Charles Summer Tainter and Chichester Bell. This device was an improvement of the phonograph. It had the wax coated cylinder which gave clearer recording. It used floating stylus which gave clear sound conversion.
In 1887, an American scientist, Emile Berliner improved the existing species of the phonograph and came up with more improved version which he called as gramophone. He patented the device in 1887. This gramophone as we all know used the zinc disc on which the stylus moved laterally and spirally and reproduced the recorded sound.
With improved versions hitting the market the concept of phonograph parlors came into existence. First such parlor opened in San Francisco. Such parlors resembled the music parlors of today. The customers could list their choice of the music titles and enjoy their request which was played on the latest phonograph at that time.
Soon the kinetoscope came into existence in such parlors. These were coin operated. Such kinetoscope flipped the preloaded photograph in front of the customer.
Later a clockwork motor was developed and added to the Bell designed gramophones. This design was called Gramophone Grand and was the retail concept that was given by Thomas McDonald, the manager of gramophone industry.
Leon Scott de Martinville was the first to design the sound recording device. This was in 1855 when the first recording device came into existence. Scott got the device patented in 1857. The device was called as the phonautograph and was used as a laboratory instrument to analyze the sound. This instrument gave a foundation for the playback devices.
Edison came up with the concept of sound recording and reproduction in 1877. Another French scientist Charles Cros worked on the concept independently but was unable to come up with the working model of the machine. Thomas Edison demonstrated the model on November 29 1877 and patented the machine. It was the tinfoil phonograph.
The phonograph was an assembly of a large mouthpiece, a cylindrical drum, a diaphragm and a stylus. This tinfoil phonograph was made of a cylindrical drum which was wrapped in the tinfoil. This cylinder was then mounted on the threaded axle. The mouthpiece was attached to the diaphragm which was connected to the stylus.
As the stylus moved on the rotating foil, a vibration pattern was etched on the surface. To playback the recorded voice, the mouthpiece was replaced by the reproducer.
The era from late 1870s to early 1880s was full of discoveries in this field. In 1886 graphophone was patented by Charles Summer Tainter and Chichester Bell. This device was an improvement of the phonograph. It had the wax coated cylinder which gave clearer recording. It used floating stylus which gave clear sound conversion.
In 1887, an American scientist, Emile Berliner improved the existing species of the phonograph and came up with more improved version which he called as gramophone. He patented the device in 1887. This gramophone as we all know used the zinc disc on which the stylus moved laterally and spirally and reproduced the recorded sound.
With improved versions hitting the market the concept of phonograph parlors came into existence. First such parlor opened in San Francisco. Such parlors resembled the music parlors of today. The customers could list their choice of the music titles and enjoy their request which was played on the latest phonograph at that time.
Soon the kinetoscope came into existence in such parlors. These were coin operated. Such kinetoscope flipped the preloaded photograph in front of the customer.
Later a clockwork motor was developed and added to the Bell designed gramophones. This design was called Gramophone Grand and was the retail concept that was given by Thomas McDonald, the manager of gramophone industry.
Thursday, December 4, 2008
Things to Know Before Going for Video Conferencing
The benefits of video conferencing technology are numerous. It increases the productivity of business. The technology cuts down the different expenses and thus helps business to save money. The technology helps the business persons to share important information conveniently.
The employees can share any type of information among themselves. This helps them to take decisions quickly and implement the strategies which increase the productivity. But before you introduce this technology to your business consider certain aspects.
Find out the different video conferencing software available in the market. Select the software that fits your business well. For this, list all that you want to achieve with the technology. Find out how you will use the technology. Then find out everything about video conferencing on the internet. Huge amount of information is there online.
To select the software find out whether you want to implement the software for a multipoint video conference or point to point video conference. The multi point type helps you to conduct conference with two or more remote points.
Decide one according to your business needs. Find out all the hardware that you need. In general you will require video camera or webcam for the video. For the audio input you will require microphones and speakers. If you plan a large conference room then you need a complex hardware kit. This kit contain carrier as an important component. The carrier helps two systems in a network to communicate. For this you can either use an ISDN or IP network.
There are basically two types of video conferencing systems. These are dedicated systems and desktop systems. The desktop systems are just the add-on which you add to your standard PC to convert it into a video conference device. The dedicated systems come with all the things in a big pack. You have to install them before you conduct conference on web.
Search different companies which provide the software and related services. Ask them the details of the services that they provide to their clients. Clear all your doubts. Ask them how you will actually use it. If you select a complex hardware for a large board room or conference room then ask the dealer for the expert support. Ask them for the service of technician to install the software. Always approach the recognized dealer.
Once the software is installed check that all the hardware are in correct place. Check that the microphones that you use are correctly placed. Check for the lights in the room. Ensure that the video camera and webcams are correctly placed so that you can see all the participants in the conference.
The employees can share any type of information among themselves. This helps them to take decisions quickly and implement the strategies which increase the productivity. But before you introduce this technology to your business consider certain aspects.
Find out the different video conferencing software available in the market. Select the software that fits your business well. For this, list all that you want to achieve with the technology. Find out how you will use the technology. Then find out everything about video conferencing on the internet. Huge amount of information is there online.
To select the software find out whether you want to implement the software for a multipoint video conference or point to point video conference. The multi point type helps you to conduct conference with two or more remote points.
Decide one according to your business needs. Find out all the hardware that you need. In general you will require video camera or webcam for the video. For the audio input you will require microphones and speakers. If you plan a large conference room then you need a complex hardware kit. This kit contain carrier as an important component. The carrier helps two systems in a network to communicate. For this you can either use an ISDN or IP network.
There are basically two types of video conferencing systems. These are dedicated systems and desktop systems. The desktop systems are just the add-on which you add to your standard PC to convert it into a video conference device. The dedicated systems come with all the things in a big pack. You have to install them before you conduct conference on web.
Search different companies which provide the software and related services. Ask them the details of the services that they provide to their clients. Clear all your doubts. Ask them how you will actually use it. If you select a complex hardware for a large board room or conference room then ask the dealer for the expert support. Ask them for the service of technician to install the software. Always approach the recognized dealer.
Once the software is installed check that all the hardware are in correct place. Check that the microphones that you use are correctly placed. Check for the lights in the room. Ensure that the video camera and webcams are correctly placed so that you can see all the participants in the conference.
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Know Some Latest Modes to Help your pc with advanced hardware
The Information Technology industry is growing at a fast pace. With the growth of the industry and use of computer in every field the demand for computer hardware is also growing. This demand is further pushed by the changes in the work culture and adoption of the computer based technology by the organizations for different operations.
Both the small as well as the multi billion business organizations are getting more and more dependent on information technology to conduct their business. This is thus pushing up the demand for the computer hardware.
Numerous companies are now operating in the sector to cater to the ever rising demand of computer hardware. Some among these companies provide the customized all round service from the point of providing the computer hardware followed by the installation and hardware support system to the after sales service.
Some other companies specialize in a certain domain which may be selling the latest hardware compatible with computers or providing the installation service related to the latest hardware technology. Such companies may also provide the computer support to their clients.
As the market for the advanced hardware is swelling, more and more companies are entering this field with the latest and advanced solutions for their client. Such companies provide expert services to their clients in variety of computer hardware components and computer hardware support service. These companies have their team of trained staff and hardware engineers so that the customers can be given quality support service.
There are different websites as well which provide the PC support tutorials under different classes. These tutorials are designed by different experts and highly educated authors in the field.
New entrants have mushroomed in every big city so that they can provide the customized support services and installation of the hardware to their customers.
Such companies provide the expert and customized services to their clients at highly competitive prices. Besides these new entrants, bigger players such as Apple, IBM and Microsoft are there in the market working for their clients. These companies sell the advanced hardware of different products manufactured at different sites under strict quality control environment.
The companies such as Apple, Microsoft, HP and IBM have their hardware support centers in every country on the world map. With so many centers they provide extensive support service to their clients across the globe. The service may include the battery related problems or performance and maintenance related topics.
The different players in this sector have their websites designed such that the clients can contact them and inquire for any type of information by visiting the frequently asked question option or the online help option.
Both the small as well as the multi billion business organizations are getting more and more dependent on information technology to conduct their business. This is thus pushing up the demand for the computer hardware.
Numerous companies are now operating in the sector to cater to the ever rising demand of computer hardware. Some among these companies provide the customized all round service from the point of providing the computer hardware followed by the installation and hardware support system to the after sales service.
Some other companies specialize in a certain domain which may be selling the latest hardware compatible with computers or providing the installation service related to the latest hardware technology. Such companies may also provide the computer support to their clients.
As the market for the advanced hardware is swelling, more and more companies are entering this field with the latest and advanced solutions for their client. Such companies provide expert services to their clients in variety of computer hardware components and computer hardware support service. These companies have their team of trained staff and hardware engineers so that the customers can be given quality support service.
There are different websites as well which provide the PC support tutorials under different classes. These tutorials are designed by different experts and highly educated authors in the field.
New entrants have mushroomed in every big city so that they can provide the customized support services and installation of the hardware to their customers.
Such companies provide the expert and customized services to their clients at highly competitive prices. Besides these new entrants, bigger players such as Apple, IBM and Microsoft are there in the market working for their clients. These companies sell the advanced hardware of different products manufactured at different sites under strict quality control environment.
The companies such as Apple, Microsoft, HP and IBM have their hardware support centers in every country on the world map. With so many centers they provide extensive support service to their clients across the globe. The service may include the battery related problems or performance and maintenance related topics.
The different players in this sector have their websites designed such that the clients can contact them and inquire for any type of information by visiting the frequently asked question option or the online help option.
Monday, December 1, 2008
What is Web Conferencing
Individuals from different and multiple locations come together and share their views over the internet. This is web conferencing. It is beneficial to both the small and large organizations.
Both the multi million dollar companies with their overseas branches and the home based offices and small organizations benefit from web conferencing. This internet based tool provides the multi million dollar companies with the facility to conduct the web meetings with their overseas clients and generate profits for the business. It also helps them to discuss different strategies with the officials in the subsidiaries.
All this happens over the internet and thus the expenses on the travel are not incurred. Virtual whiteboards and polling is used to generate ideas during web conference. These shared applications when accompanied with the presentation tools such as power point help the participants to present their ideas effectively.
Web conferencing provide a much better conferencing experience when it is combined with teleconferencing. This feature is provided by the Voice over internet Protocol more commonly known as VOIP. VOIP help to share the presentation along with the audio in real time.
Web conferencing software such as Microsoft Live meeting provide the tools which help the individuals to share their part of the desktop or whole of the desktop with other individuals participating in the conference.
The participants can thus share their power point slides, files and documents with other participants. They can also share their ideas as text messages through chat windows, with other individuals participating in the conference.
The web conference software also enables the participants to record the offline as well as online meeting sessions. This technology thus helps the individuals and business persons to communicate more effectively over the internet.
All the participants visit one particular web page to share their ideas and participate in the meeting. It is same as gathering in a room and participating in the meeting. Only difference between the two is that in web conferencing the room is the web page and the meeting is conducted over the internet. Also the physical presence of the participants is not required.
The technology is slowly replacing the face to face meetings due to number of benefits which it offers to the organizations. The companies are able to cut down the expenses on travel. The technology helps to overcome geographical and regional barriers when it comes to sharing of ideas and discussing the important strategies with the overseas clients and officials in the subsidiaries.
It supports the product development and training collaboration. It also helps the sales team and clients to interact in a much better way. The technology in fact improve business communication and collaboration.
Both the multi million dollar companies with their overseas branches and the home based offices and small organizations benefit from web conferencing. This internet based tool provides the multi million dollar companies with the facility to conduct the web meetings with their overseas clients and generate profits for the business. It also helps them to discuss different strategies with the officials in the subsidiaries.
All this happens over the internet and thus the expenses on the travel are not incurred. Virtual whiteboards and polling is used to generate ideas during web conference. These shared applications when accompanied with the presentation tools such as power point help the participants to present their ideas effectively.
Web conferencing provide a much better conferencing experience when it is combined with teleconferencing. This feature is provided by the Voice over internet Protocol more commonly known as VOIP. VOIP help to share the presentation along with the audio in real time.
Web conferencing software such as Microsoft Live meeting provide the tools which help the individuals to share their part of the desktop or whole of the desktop with other individuals participating in the conference.
The participants can thus share their power point slides, files and documents with other participants. They can also share their ideas as text messages through chat windows, with other individuals participating in the conference.
The web conference software also enables the participants to record the offline as well as online meeting sessions. This technology thus helps the individuals and business persons to communicate more effectively over the internet.
All the participants visit one particular web page to share their ideas and participate in the meeting. It is same as gathering in a room and participating in the meeting. Only difference between the two is that in web conferencing the room is the web page and the meeting is conducted over the internet. Also the physical presence of the participants is not required.
The technology is slowly replacing the face to face meetings due to number of benefits which it offers to the organizations. The companies are able to cut down the expenses on travel. The technology helps to overcome geographical and regional barriers when it comes to sharing of ideas and discussing the important strategies with the overseas clients and officials in the subsidiaries.
It supports the product development and training collaboration. It also helps the sales team and clients to interact in a much better way. The technology in fact improve business communication and collaboration.
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